Quiz for Lessons 416 - 420 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Hyphens

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Instructions: Supply hyphens where they are needed in these sentences.

1. I need to get rid of my self denial if I am to recover.

2. Is that glass two thirds full?

3. I think that age forty five is rather late to start a family.

4. Our ex captain came to visit our football team.

5. Much anti United States sentiment seems to exist all over the world.

6. Long discussions continued on the mid Atlantic items.

7. His fault was that he was a self made man who loved his creator.

8. I hope to get in the ninety fifth percentile.

9. The one third minority objected to the ruling.

10. Many are worried about our vice president's health.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. I need to get rid of my self-denial if I am to recover.

2. Is that glass two-thirds full?

3. I think that age forty-five is rather late to start a family.

4. Our ex-captain came to visit our football team.

5. Much anti-United States sentiment seems to exist all over the world.

6. Long discussions continued on the mid-Atlantic items.

7. His fault was that he was a self-made man who loved his creator.

8. I hope to get in the ninety-fifth percentile.

9. The one-third minority objected to the ruling.

10. Many are worried about our vice-president's health.

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Quiz for Lessons 411 - 415 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Apostrophes

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Instructions: Supply the apostrophes in the following sentences.

1. Capn, can I bother you for a few minutes?

2. His us look just like my ns.

3. I wish everyone had the spirit of 76.

4. Its raining again, but its worth it to me.

5. I spose that you want your money back.

6. Its mother wont let me see if its okay.

7. Theyre goin to be here at four oclock.

8. Dont do that again because youre a better person than that.

9. Your mother said your ts looked like ls, and you run your sentences together with ands.

10. Ive had it with you if you shant help me pass the class.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. Cap'n, can I bother you for a few minutes?

2. His u's look just like my n's.

3. I wish everyone had the spirit of '76.

4. It's raining again, but it's worth it to me.

5. I s'pose that you want your money back.

6. Its mother won't let me see if it's okay.

7. They're goin' to be here at four o'clock.

8. Don't do that again because you're a better person than that.

9. Your mother said your t's looked like l's, and you run your sentences together with and's.

10. I've had it with you if you shan't help me pass the class.

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Quiz for Lessons 406 - 410 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Apostrophes

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Instructions: Supply the apostrophes and/or "s" to make the possessives in the following sentences.

1. Could I buy fifty cents worth of candy for the kids?

2. Somebodys shoes have been left in the living room.

3. His shoes are here, but where are yours?

4. His aunts nephew will be on television with Chansons group.

5. The cows udder was cut from jumping the neighbors fence.

6. Bob and Rays store will be open on Christmas.

7. Everybody elses help will be appreciated by my mothers family.

8. Just two days work will finish this room.

9. Anns and Marys costumes were the prettiest of everyones.

10. The women and girls ages were revealed to everyone.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. Could I buy fifty cents' worth of candy for the kids?

2. Somebody's shoes have been left in the living room.

3. His shoes are here, but where are yours? (no apostrophe needed)

4. His aunt's nephew will be on television with Chanson's group.

5. The cow's udder was cut from jumping the neighbor's fence.

6. Bob and Ray's store will be open on Christmas.

7. Everybody else's help will be appreciated by my mother's family.

8. Just two days' work will finish this room.

9. Ann's and Mary's costumes were the prettiest of everyone's.

10. The women's and girls' ages were revealed to everyone. (could be girl's)

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Quiz for Lessons 401 - 405 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Apostrophes

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Instructions: Supply the apostrophes and/or "s" to make the possessives in the following sentences.

1. The men and boys boots were all mixed together. (separate ownership)

2. Tess mother lives next door to us.

3. The dog growl scared the baby in the neighbor yard.

4. Both Mark and Stephanie hair is red. (separate ownership)

5. Mathew and Sarah mother came to the performance. (joint ownership)

6. The babies and the children fun ended with the parents return. (joint ownership)

7. The men hoods covered their faces.

8. The coop was covered with several chickens feathers.

9. I could hardly hear the puppy bark.

10. The wolves howls came sharply to the deer ears.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. The men's and boys' boots were all mixed together. (separate ownership)

2. Tess's mother lives next door to us.

3. The dog's growl scared the baby in the neighbor's yard.

4. Both Mark's and Stephanie's hair is red. (separate ownership)

5. Mathew and Sarah's mother came to the performance. (joint ownership)

6. The babies and the children's fun ended with the parents' return. (joint ownership)

7. The men's hoods covered their faces.

8. The coop was covered with several chickens' feathers.

9. I could hardly hear the puppy's bark.

10. The wolves' howls came sharply to the deer's ears.

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Quiz for Lessons 196 - 200 - Parts of the Sentence - Review

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Instructions: Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), indirect objects (io), and objective complements (oc) in the following sentences. If there are any adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, or indirect objects then tell what word they modify.

1. The hostess served her special guests a delicious meal.

2. Many young boys carry charms in their pockets for good luck.

3. The sunlight made the apple red.

4. Harry, was that man the owner of the winning horse?

5. Reinforced concrete is famous for its strength.

6. The happy parents named their new daughter Joy.

7. Aunt Fern offered her children a part of the business.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. served = v; hostess = subj; meal = do; guests = io; the = adj modifying hostess; her/special = adj modifying guests; a/delicious = adj modifying meal

2. carry = v; boys = subj; charms = do; many/young = adj modifying boys; in their pockets/for good luck = p ph modifying carry; in/for = prep; pockets/luck = op; their = adj modifying pockets; good = adj modifying luck

3. made = v; sunlight = subj; apple = do; red = oc; the = adj modifying sunlight; the = adj modifying apple

4. was = v; man = subj; owner = pn; Harry = na; that = adj modifying man; the = adj modifying owner; of the winning horse = p ph modifying owner; of = prep; horse = op; the/winning = adj modifying horse

5. is = v; concrete = subj; famous = pa; reinforced = adj modifying concrete; for its strength = p ph modifying famous; for = prep; strength = op; its = adj modifying strength

6. named = v; parents = subj; daughter = do; Joy = oc; the/happy = adj modifying parents; their/new = adj modifying daughter

7. offered = v; Aunt Fern = subj; part = do; children = io; her = adj modifying children; a = adj modifying part; of the business = p ph modifying part; of = prep; business = op; the = adj modifying business

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Quiz for Lessons 396 - 400 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Italics/Underlining

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Material that is italicized in print or by computer is underlined in typewritten or hand written work.

Instructions: Italicize those words which need italics in these sentences.

1. I want to see the motion picture It's a Wonderful Life again.

2. There are many i's in Mississippi.

3. Have you ever read the New York Times or the Chicago Daily News?

4. I just finished reading Ivanhoe.

5. I thought The Phantom of the Opera was superb.

6. In your oral report you used too many well-a's.

7. You may use %'s to indicate percents in your report.

8. The Reader's Digest is found in many homes.

9. I am very tired of your nagging!

10. He is always au fait.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. I want to see the motion picture It's a Wonderful Life again.

2. There are many i's in Mississippi.

3. Have you ever read the New York Times or the Chicago Daily News?

4. I just finished reading Ivanhoe.

5. I thought The Phantom of the Opera was superb.

6. In your oral report you used too many well-a's.

7. You may use %'s to indicate percents in your report.

8. The Reader's Digest is found in many homes.

9. I am very tired of your nagging!

10. He is always au fait.

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Quiz for Lessons 191-195 - Parts of the Sentence - Review

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Instructions: Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), objects of the preposition (op), prepositional phrases (p ph), and indirect objects (io) in the following sentences.

1. The car dealer gave Jim a low price for his old car.

2. Will wanted a job at the ranger station.

3. My neighbors brought me some candy and a basket of fruit for my birthday.

4. We gave the man the name of a lodge near Trial Lake.

5. An unknown donor gave the hospital a million dollars for research.

6. The frightening experience taught the child some important lessons.

7. You should have given Boyd and me more time.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. gave = v; dealer = subj; price = do; Jim = io; the/car = adj modifying dealer; a/low = adj modifying price; for his old car = p ph modifying either gave or price; for = prep; car = op; his/old = adj modifying car

2. wanted = v; Will = subj; job = do; a = adj modifying job; at the ranger station = p ph modifying job; at = prep; station = op; the/ranger = adj modifying station

3. brought = v; neighbors = subj; candy/basket = do; me = io modifying brought; my = adj modifying neighbors; some = adj modifying candy; a = adj modifying basket; of fruit modifying basket/for my birthday modifying brought = p ph; of/for = prep; fruit/birthday = op; my = adj modifying birthday

4. gave = v; we = subj; name = do; man = io; the = adj modifying man; the = adj modifying name; of a lodge modifying name/near Trial Lake modifying lodge = p ph; of/near = prep; lodge/Trial Lake = op; a = adj modifying lodge

5. gave = v; donor = subj; dollars = do; hospital = io; an/unknown = adj modifying donor; the = adj modifying hospital; a/million = adj modifying dollars; for research = p ph modifying gave; for = prep; research = op

6. taught = v; experience = subj; lessons = do; child = io modifying taught; the/frightening = adj modifying experience; the = adj modifying child; some/important = adj modifying lessons

7. should have given = v; you = subj; time = do; Boyd/me = io modifying should have given; more = adj modifying time

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Quiz for Lessons 391 - 395 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Colons

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Instructions: Place colons where needed.

1. Dear Chairman

2. There are four classes of poetic meter classified as follows iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic.

3. For this poll we need men, women and children.

4. The following are the three football positions that never carry the ball guard, tackle and center.

5. The polls close promptly at 800 P.M.

6. I just read Job 1414.

7. Volume 20 pages 22-28 had the material that I needed.

8. Jared showed that he was better prepared He was wearing thermal clothes.

9. Have you read The Work and the Glory So Great a Cause?

10. Consider Franklin D. Roosevelt's words to Congress "We have had the lesson before us over and over again -- nations that were not ready and were unable to get ready found themselves overrun by the enemy."

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. Dear Chairman:

2. There are four classes of poetic meter classified as follows: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic.

3. No colons needed. They are direct objects.

4. The following are the three football positions that never carry the ball: guard, tackle and center.

5. The polls close promptly at 8:00 P.M.

6. I just read Job 14:14.

7. Volume 20: pages 22-28 had the material that I needed.

8. Jared showed that he was better prepared: He was wearing thermal clothes.

9. Have you read The Work and the Glory: So Great a Cause?

10. Consider Franklin D. Roosevelt's words to Congress: "We have had the lesson before us over and over again -- nations that were not ready and were unable to get ready found themselves overrun by the enemy."

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Quiz for Lessons 186 - 190 - Parts of the Sentence - Review

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Instructions: Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verbs (v), subjects (subj), predicate nominatives (pn), direct objects (do), appositives (app), nouns of address (na), adjectives (adj), predicate adjectives (pa), adverbs (adv), prepositions (prep), and objects of the preposition (op) in the following sentences. If there are any adjectives, adverbs, or prepositional phrases then tell what word they modify.

1. The woman in the green suit is Martha, our favorite neighbor.

2. Oh, Grant, there is no electricity in our house now.

3. The racer ran past in a big hurry.

4. The river past our house winds down into a steep valley.

5. Come in and don't stand outside in the cold.

6. The rookie basketball player was caught off his guard.

7. The mythology stories are well-known and exciting.

8. That old shoe is well-worn and completely worthless.

9. Will you climb up the ladder and through the window and open the door for me?

10. These sentences with more concepts are becoming longer and harder.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. is = v; woman = subj; Martha = pn; neighbor = app; the = adj modifying woman; our/favorite = adj modifying neighbor; in a green suit = p ph modifying woman; in = prep; suit = op; a/green = adj modifying suit

2. is = v; electricity = subj; Grant = na; no = adj modifying electricity; now = adv modifying is; in our house = p ph modifying electricity or is; in = prep; house = op; our = adj modifying house; (oh = interjection; there = introductory there)

3. ran = v; racer = subj; the = adj modifying racer; past = adv modifying ran; in a big hurry = p ph modifying ran; in = prep; hurry = op; a/big = adj modifying hurry

4. winds = v; river = subj; the = adj modifying river; down = adv modifying winds; past our house modifying river/into a steep valley modifying winds = p ph; past/into = prep; house/valley = op; our = adj modifying house; a/steep = adj modifying valley

5. come/do stand = v; you (understood) = subj; in = adv modifying come; n't/outside = adv modifying do stand; in the cold = p ph modifying do stand; in = prep; cold = op; the = adj modifying cold

6. was caught = v; player = subj; the/rookie/basketball = adj modifying player; off his guard = p ph modifying was caught; off = prep; guard = op; his = adj modifying guard

7. are = v; stories = subj; well-known/exciting = pa; the/mythology = adj modifying stories

8. is = v; shoe = subj; well-worn/worthless = pa; that/old = adj modifying shoe; completely = adv modifying worthless

9. will climb/ (will) open = v; you = subj; door = do; the = adj modifying door; up the ladder modifying will climb/through the window modifying will climb/for me modifying will open = p ph; up/through/for = prep; ladder/window/me = op; the = adj modifying ladder; the = adj modifying window

10. are becoming = v; sentences = subj; longer/harder = pa; these = adj modifying sentences; with more concepts = p ph modifying sentences; with = prep; concepts = op; more = adj modifying concepts

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Quiz for Lessons 386 - 390 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Colons

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Instructions: Place colons where needed.

1. That statement can be found in Volume I pages 98-100 of The Raven The Life of Sam Houston.

2. Dear Harmon's

3. I like what it says in James 520.

4. Dear Sirs

5. I will be here at 1200 P.M. for my money.

6. I enjoyed reading The Army of the Potomac A Stillness at Appomattox by Bruce Catton.

7. I couldn't find it in Volume IX pages 3-6.

8. Thanksgiving dinner will be at our place at 230 P.M.

9. A good college text was The American Constitution Its Origins and Development.

10. Revelation 62-8 talks about the four horsemen of the apocalypse.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. That statement can be found in Volume I: pages 98-100 of The Raven: The Life of Sam Houston.

2. Dear Harmon's:

3. I like what it says in James 5:20.

4. Dear Sirs:

5. I will be here at 12:00 P.M. for my money.

6. I enjoyed reading The Army of the Potomac: A Stillness at Appomattox by Bruce Catton.

7. I couldn't find it in Volume IX: pages 3-6.

8. Thanksgiving dinner will be at our place at 2:30 P.M.

9. A good college text was The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development.

10. Revelation 6:2-8 talks about the four horsemen of the apocalypse.

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Quiz for Lessons 181 - 185 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases

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A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective prepositional phrases together, one will follow the other.

A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning.

Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase. Notice that some prepositional phrases may be adverbs or adjectives because of their location in the sentence.

 

Instructions: Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences, identify what they tell us, and what they modify.

1. The librarian took from her desk a new edition of one of the classics.

2. It was placed in the display case in the corner of the library.

3. Many books of mysteries and detective stories are found in the library.

4. One story about magic appears in our literature book.

5. This story contains clues to the solution of the mystery.

6. I have read many stories by Arthur Conan Doyle about Sherlock Holmes.

7. A wall of ancient Pompeii was discovered accidentally by an ordinary peasant.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. The librarian took from her desk a new edition of one of the classics.

- from her desk modifies took (telling where)

- of one modifies edition (telling which)

- of the classics modifies one (telling what kind)

2. It was placed in the display case in the corner of the library.

- in the display case modifies was placed (telling where)

- in the corner modifies case (telling which)

- of the library modifies corner (telling which)

3. Many books of mysteries and detective stories are found in the library.

- of mysteries and detective stories modifies books (telling what kind)

- in the library modifies are found (telling where)

4. One story about magic appears in our literature book.

- about magic modifies story (telling what kind)

- in our literature book modifies appears (telling where)

5. This story contains clues to the solution of the mystery.

- to the solution modifies clues (telling which)

- of the mystery modifies solution (telling which)

6. I have read many stories by Arthur Conan Doyle about Sherlock Holmes.

- by Arthur Conan Doyle modifies stories (telling which)

- about Sherlock Holmes modifies stories (telling what kind)

7. A wall of ancient Pompeii was discovered accidentally by an ordinary peasant.

- of ancient Pompeii modifies wall (telling which)

- by an ordinary peasant modifies was discovered (telling how)

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Quiz for Lessons 381 - 385 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Semicolons

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Instructions: Place semicolons where they are needed in the following sentences.

1. I am looking for the poem "The Path Not Taken" I need it tomorrow.

2. Jim sings bass Jeff, tenor.

3. I have visited Riverside, California, Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Butte, Montana.

4. I will steal, cheat, and lie for you but I will not kill for you.

5. There was a sudden noise everything stopped immediately.

6. Although we may need more time, I believe we will be victorious and I believe you feel that way, too.

7. We can trust him implicitly nevertheless, we should not be careless.

8. The house looked like what we wanted on the other hand, we had not been inside.

9. I had food, clothing, and furniture but I didn't have my family.

10. He was such a "klutz" I couldn't stand him.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. I am looking for the poem "The Path Not Taken"; I need it tomorrow.

2. Jim sings bass; Jeff, tenor.

3. I have visited Riverside, California; Atlantic City, New Jersey; and Butte, Montana.

4. I will steal, cheat, and lie for you; but I will not kill for you.

5. There was a sudden noise; everything stopped immediately.

6. Although we may need more time, I believe we will be victorious; and I believe you feel that way, too.

7. We can trust him implicitly; nevertheless, we should not be careless.

8. The house looked like what we wanted; on the other hand, we had not been inside.

9. I had food, clothing, and furniture; but I didn't have my family.

10. He was such a "klutz"; I couldn't stand him.

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Quiz for Lessons 176 - 180 - Parts of the Sentence - Prepositional Phrases

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A prepositional phrase may be used as an adjective telling which or what kind and modifying a noun or pronoun. An adjective prepositional phrase will come right after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. If there are two adjective prepositional phrases together, one will follow the other. Only adjective prepositional phrases modify the object of the preposition in another prepositional phrase.

A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb telling how, when, where, how much, and why and modifying the verb and sometimes an adjective. Adverb prepositional phrases can come anywhere in the sentence and can be moved within the sentence without changing the meaning.

Instructions: Pick out the prepositional phrases in these sentences and tell what they modify.

1. A tree with sharp thorns grew beside the wall.

2. The airplane soared above the people on the field.

3. My uncle, the owner of the ranch, rode his horse past the house.

4. We followed the cougar by its tracks in the snow.

5. The bear tumbled over the fence and into some bushes.

6. Tons of wreckage were left after the tornado.

7. The highway wound over a hill and through a beautiful valley.

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. A tree with sharp thorns grew beside the wall.

- with sharp thorns modifies tree (subject)

- beside the wall modifies grew

2. The airplane soared above the people on the field.

- above the people modifies soared

- on the field modifies people

3. My uncle, the owner of the ranch, rode his horse past the house.

- of the ranch modifies owner (appositive)

- past the house modifies rode

4. We followed the cougar by its tracks in the snow.

- by its tracks modifies followed

- in the snow modifies followed (telling where we followed it)

- or -

- in the snow modifies tracks (telling which tracks)

5. The bear tumbled over the fence and into some bushes.

- over the fence and into some bushes modify tumbled

6. Tons of wreckage were left after the tornado.

- of wreckage modifies Tons (subject)

- after the tornado modifies were left

7. The highway wound over a hill and through a beautiful valley.

- over a hill and through a beautiful valley modify wound

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Quiz for Lessons 376 - 380 - Mechanics - Punctuation - Quotation Marks

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Instructions: Rewrite the following, changing all indirect quotations to direct quotations and punctuating and paragraphing them correctly.

We had an interesting discussion last night. Mr. James who is a quiet, unassuming man said that he hasn't read about the election. I am afraid that I trust no one. Pam asked if he had voted for the president in the election. She said that everyone should vote each time. He replied that he had voted this time, but didn't think his vote would count for much. She asked if he had read in a popular magazine the article Every Vote Counts. We now know that every vote counts! Mr. James stated that he never knows how to vote. He needs to find an expert. Pam laughed and told him that he could come to her since the experts on television never agree on anything. I know better than the experts!

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

(The following answer is not the only way that you could correct the writing, but it will give some idea as to what should be done with the paragraph.)

We had an interesting discussion last night. Mr. James who is a quiet, unassuming man said, "I haven't read about the election. I am afraid that I trust no one."

Pam asked, "Did you vote for the president in the election? Everyone should vote each time."

He replied, "I voted this time, but I don't think my vote will count for much."

She asked, "Have you read in a popular magazine the article 'Every Vote Counts'? We now know that every vote counts!"

Mr. James stated, "I never know how to vote. I need to find an 'expert.'"

Pam laughed and told him, "You could come to me since the 'experts' on television never agree on anything. I know better than the 'experts'!"

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Quiz for Lessons 171 - 175 - Parts of the Sentence - Review

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Instructions: Using all the knowledge learned in the previous lessons, find the verb, subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, appositives, nouns of address, adjectives, predicate adjectives, and adverbs in the following sentences. If there are any adjectives or adverbs, then tell what word they modify.

1. Soon John will be too big and will need far more time.

2. The city council usually runs this city fairly efficiently.

3. Unfortunately all people are not free.

4. The boat owner started the engine up and cast off the lines.

5. Mom, can I go and watch the game?

6. How can you be so slovenly?

7. Yogurt is almost completely nonfattening.

8. Mrs. Carter, that is my cousin David.

9. Art Buchwald, a humorous writer, has a really good column.

10. Did anyone call, Ann?

--For answers scroll down.

Answers:

1. will be/will need = verbs; John = subject; big = predicate adjective; time = direct object; more = adjective modifying time; far = adverb modifying more; too = adverb modifying big; soon = adverb modifying both verbs

2. runs = verbs; city council = subject; city = direct object; the = adjective modifying subject; this = adjective modifying city; usually/ efficiently = adverbs modifying verb; fairly = adverb modifying efficiently

3. are = verb; people = subject; free = predicate adjective; all = adjective modifying subject; unfortunately/not = adverbs modifying verb

4. started/cast = verbs; owner = subject; engine = direct object to verb started; lines = direct object to verb cast; the/boat = adjectives modifying owner; the = adjective modifying engine; the = adjective modifying lines; up = adverb modifying started; off = adverb modifying cast

5. can go/(can) watch = verbs; I = subject; game = direct object to verb (can) watch; Mom = noun of address; the = adjective modifying game

6. can be = verb; you = subject; slovenly = predicate adjective modifying verb; how = adverb modifying verb; so = adverb modifying slovenly

7. is = verb; yogurt = subject; nonfattening = predicate adjective modifying subject; completely = adverb modifying nonfattening; almost = adverb modifying completely

8. is = verb; that = subject; cousin = predicate nominative; David = appositive; Mrs. Carter = noun of address; my = adjective modifying cousin

9. has = verb; Art Buchwald = subject; column = direct object; writer = appositive; a/humorous = adjectives modifying writer; a/good = adjectives modifying column; really = adverb modifying good

10. did call = verb; anyone = subject; Ann = noun of address

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